The Clitic Particles

Here is the secret spice of real Finnish. Tiny endings glue onto the end of a word and add tone — surprise, softening, "too", "either". They carry feeling, not dictionary meaning, much like the German particles ja, doch, mal.

The four particles

Particle	Feeling it adds	Example
-han / -hän	softens; "…after all", "…right?"	Onhan se totta. · Tulethan?
-pa / -pä	emphasis; surprise	Onpa kaunista! · Enpä tiedä.
-kin	"too / also / even" (positive)	Minäkin tulen. · Sekin on hyvä.
-kaan / -kään	"either" (negative)	En minäkään tule. · Ei sekään auta.

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